The concerns of Water Pollution In Africa

The concerns of Water Pollution In Africa Water pollution has become a serious problem in every country in the world. Urban growth, climate change, growing population, investments in agriculture, industrial development, and economic growth have increased the demand for water. Natural and manmade disasters have increased pollution risks in todays environment. Contamination of land, air and water is challenging the health of humans, plants, animals and other living organisms. Governments worldwide are burdened with mounting healthcare costs which is diverting investment capital away from economic development public sector projects. The report will discuss issues on water pollution problems which countries in the African continent are facing. Sources of water pollution, water contamination impacts on health, environmental damages, and strategies necessary for reducing or eliminating water pollution would be discussed. I. WATER SUPPLY IN AFRICA a. Water Supply and Water Demand i. Supply Source Rainfall Average annual rainfall in South Africa is recorded to be 450 mm per year. Rainfall varies between one location to another in South Africa some regions receiving heavy rainfall and others recording low amount of rainfall. For example, people living along the coastal regions to the west of South Africa enjoy an annual average rainfall of 1000 mm. But regions in the north west receive very poor annual rainfall at less than 100 mm as reported by the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 2006. Rivers which are seasonal in nature have water only during the rainy seasons and they remain dry most times throughout the year. The seasonal rivers during rainy days produce excess flow of water. The government of South Africa stores water in dams to meet the supply needs for drinking, industrial and agricultural needs throughout the year. South Africa is divided into following nine administrative provinces (12-86): (Markus Tà ¶rnqvist and Bjà ¶rn Ãâ€"fver strà ¶m, â€Å"Drinking water supply in Southern Africa with a risk assessment perspective.†) Eastern Cape Free State Gautang Kwa Zulu Natal Limpopo Mpumalanga Northern Cape SouthwestProvince Western Cape The average annual rainfall varies between one province and another. Information listed in Figure-3 illustrates annual rainfall in South Africas provinces as follows (12-86): (Markus Tà ¶rnqvist and Bjà ¶rn Ãâ€"fverstrà ¶m, â€Å"Drinking water supply in Southern Africa with a risk assessment perspective.†) ii. Demand Source Population According to published data by the UNESCO in 2006, South Africas total population is listed to be around 48 million. It is estimated that 59% of the population live in the urban community dwellings. Northern Cap which is the largest administrative province is reported to over 28 million people living in the area which accounts for 37% of South Africas overall national population. Due to rapid economic growth and development, urbanization is fast growing with more and more people moving to metropolitan commercial centers in search of jobs or livelihood. Migration of people from rural areas to urban cities have triggered massive growth in cities businesses, industries, infrastructures, civil defense, internal security, hospitals, and educational institutions etc. As a result of this there informal settlements have rapidly grown in and around commercial centers within the South Africas administrative provinces. All these growth and development have made water supply management very cha llenging. Millions of inhabitants living in various cities in each of the nine administrative provinces do not have adequate supply of water. Drainage and sanitation network are overstrained and inadequate to serve the communitys need. in these communities have not access to proper water and sanitation infrastructure. People living in the rural areas wholly depend on groundwater to fulfill or satisfy their needs for water. In South Africa, 19% of people in the overall population do not have access to safe water and over 33% people do not have the bare necessity for basic sanitation services. Over 50 million people in 1994 had suffered miserably without any water supply services. People had no choice except to meet their water demands from rivers, lakes, springs and ponds. Due to the concentrated and focused efforts by the government of South Africa in resource management efficiencies, overall number of people who did not have any water supply during 1994-2004 had dropped to by appro ximately 40 million (14-86). (Markus Tà ¶rnqvist and Bjà ¶rn Ãâ€"fverstrà ¶m, â€Å"Drinking water supply in Southern Africa with a risk assessment perspective.†) b. Water Pollution i. Mining Water Pollution Johannesburg which is the largest city in South Africa is on the brink of environmental disaster. There is no excavation and recovery process going on in several mines in the area and as a result of this most of these mines today remain closed. Unfortunately toxic water which is flowing out of these mines pollute and contaminate both surface and groundwater. Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) indicates entrapment of toxic water exists in the mines and when the toxic water flows out in a stream it contaminates entire water resources surface water and ground water. Closed mines in Witwatersrand, South Africa stretches from Roodepoort to Boksburg (1-5). (Admin, â€Å"Sinking Solutions for Mining Water Pollution.†) Digging for minerals for years leave big gapping tunnels and hole in the mine. During the mining operation water which collects from ground seepage are pumped out to allow miners to perform their tasks. But when mining operation is suspended for commercial non-viability, water is collected inside and fills-up tunnels and holes deep inside. These water becomes highly contaminated by getting mixed with heavy metal particles from inside the mine. Overflowing toxic mine water becomes dangerous to the environment and contaminates rivers, ponds, lakes and springs along its flow path. Toxic water endangers humans, plants, animals, birds, marine life and the ecosystem with serious healthcare challenges (1-5). (Admin, â€Å"Sinking Solutions for Mining Water Pollution.†)

Ap European History Timeline Project

The Peace of Augsburg The Peace of Augsburg was signed in 1555, ending the wars of religion in the Holy Roman Empire. It stated that the leaders of the many provinces in the Empire can decide what religion they wanted their people to follow. This treaty recognized Lutheran Protestants and Catholics, but not Calvinism. This essentially was the first time in the Holy Roman Empire that another religion was allowed, besides Catholicism. Treaty of Westphalia Signed in 1648, the Treaty of Westphalia once again ended a religious war, the Thirty Years’ War. It was the treaty that recognized Calvinism, finally, along with Lutheranism and Catholicism. It used the same policy as the treaty before, The Peace of Augsburg. The Holy Roman Empire had effectively become a collection of different states and provinces with differing religious views ruled by mainly Hapsburgs. Peace of Paris The Peace of Paris was signed in 1763. It was signed in a peace agreement to end the Seven Years’ War. Britain obtained much of French lands in the Americas, beginning their extensive dominance outside of continental Europe. However, the French obtained the West Indies, which was also a treasure for them. Prussia and Austria were not included in the treaty, instead signing a different treaty, the Treaty of Hubertusburg. Congress of Vienna The Congress of Vienna was a meeting of the leaders of many countries from Europe to decide what to do after the Napoleonic Wars. The â€Å"Final Act† of the treaty was signed just days after his final defeat at Waterloo. The Bourbons of France were restored as the monarchs and Napoleon was exiled once again. The balance of power in Europe had been restored. It was signed in 1814. The Frankfurt Assembly This was the first freely elected parliament for all of Germany. After long discussion and debates in 1849, a new constitution was drawn up. It outlined the entire German Empire’s government, including the hereditary emperor, the Kaiser. This constitution was then later used as the basis for the constitution of the Weimar Republic and for the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949. Overall, the Frankfurt Assembly had a huge impact on the future of Germany.

The Argument About Gre Writing Essay Samples

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Gender Roles in European Culture - 869 Words

Throughout history, women have made up a sort of â€Å"minority† in the world’s many societies. They have been looked upon as property to husbands and fathers. Their place was deemed the male’s home. Women were to provide services to men, ranging from carrying an heir (hopefully a male) to providing a clean home and cooked meals. Women in high-income nations still continue to face challenges because of their gender, and those in low-income nations often remain thought of as property. From a symbolic interactionist perspective, gender is an issue that is based on many underlying historical concepts, and it continues to contribute to world-wide poverty. As symbolic interactionists view social problems using a microlevel perspective, they see†¦show more content†¦According to the glass ceiling idea, women can only go so far in their dominated jobs. However, the glass elevator idea lifts men to reach even higher than women in female-dominated jobs, such as nursing. 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