The concerns of Water Pollution In Africa

The concerns of Water Pollution In Africa Water pollution has become a serious problem in every country in the world. Urban growth, climate change, growing population, investments in agriculture, industrial development, and economic growth have increased the demand for water. Natural and manmade disasters have increased pollution risks in todays environment. Contamination of land, air and water is challenging the health of humans, plants, animals and other living organisms. Governments worldwide are burdened with mounting healthcare costs which is diverting investment capital away from economic development public sector projects. The report will discuss issues on water pollution problems which countries in the African continent are facing. Sources of water pollution, water contamination impacts on health, environmental damages, and strategies necessary for reducing or eliminating water pollution would be discussed. I. WATER SUPPLY IN AFRICA a. Water Supply and Water Demand i. Supply Source Rainfall Average annual rainfall in South Africa is recorded to be 450 mm per year. Rainfall varies between one location to another in South Africa some regions receiving heavy rainfall and others recording low amount of rainfall. For example, people living along the coastal regions to the west of South Africa enjoy an annual average rainfall of 1000 mm. But regions in the north west receive very poor annual rainfall at less than 100 mm as reported by the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 2006. Rivers which are seasonal in nature have water only during the rainy seasons and they remain dry most times throughout the year. The seasonal rivers during rainy days produce excess flow of water. The government of South Africa stores water in dams to meet the supply needs for drinking, industrial and agricultural needs throughout the year. South Africa is divided into following nine administrative provinces (12-86): (Markus Tà ¶rnqvist and Bjà ¶rn Ãâ€"fver strà ¶m, â€Å"Drinking water supply in Southern Africa with a risk assessment perspective.†) Eastern Cape Free State Gautang Kwa Zulu Natal Limpopo Mpumalanga Northern Cape SouthwestProvince Western Cape The average annual rainfall varies between one province and another. Information listed in Figure-3 illustrates annual rainfall in South Africas provinces as follows (12-86): (Markus Tà ¶rnqvist and Bjà ¶rn Ãâ€"fverstrà ¶m, â€Å"Drinking water supply in Southern Africa with a risk assessment perspective.†) ii. Demand Source Population According to published data by the UNESCO in 2006, South Africas total population is listed to be around 48 million. It is estimated that 59% of the population live in the urban community dwellings. Northern Cap which is the largest administrative province is reported to over 28 million people living in the area which accounts for 37% of South Africas overall national population. Due to rapid economic growth and development, urbanization is fast growing with more and more people moving to metropolitan commercial centers in search of jobs or livelihood. Migration of people from rural areas to urban cities have triggered massive growth in cities businesses, industries, infrastructures, civil defense, internal security, hospitals, and educational institutions etc. As a result of this there informal settlements have rapidly grown in and around commercial centers within the South Africas administrative provinces. All these growth and development have made water supply management very cha llenging. Millions of inhabitants living in various cities in each of the nine administrative provinces do not have adequate supply of water. Drainage and sanitation network are overstrained and inadequate to serve the communitys need. in these communities have not access to proper water and sanitation infrastructure. People living in the rural areas wholly depend on groundwater to fulfill or satisfy their needs for water. In South Africa, 19% of people in the overall population do not have access to safe water and over 33% people do not have the bare necessity for basic sanitation services. Over 50 million people in 1994 had suffered miserably without any water supply services. People had no choice except to meet their water demands from rivers, lakes, springs and ponds. Due to the concentrated and focused efforts by the government of South Africa in resource management efficiencies, overall number of people who did not have any water supply during 1994-2004 had dropped to by appro ximately 40 million (14-86). (Markus Tà ¶rnqvist and Bjà ¶rn Ãâ€"fverstrà ¶m, â€Å"Drinking water supply in Southern Africa with a risk assessment perspective.†) b. Water Pollution i. Mining Water Pollution Johannesburg which is the largest city in South Africa is on the brink of environmental disaster. There is no excavation and recovery process going on in several mines in the area and as a result of this most of these mines today remain closed. Unfortunately toxic water which is flowing out of these mines pollute and contaminate both surface and groundwater. Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) indicates entrapment of toxic water exists in the mines and when the toxic water flows out in a stream it contaminates entire water resources surface water and ground water. Closed mines in Witwatersrand, South Africa stretches from Roodepoort to Boksburg (1-5). (Admin, â€Å"Sinking Solutions for Mining Water Pollution.†) Digging for minerals for years leave big gapping tunnels and hole in the mine. During the mining operation water which collects from ground seepage are pumped out to allow miners to perform their tasks. But when mining operation is suspended for commercial non-viability, water is collected inside and fills-up tunnels and holes deep inside. These water becomes highly contaminated by getting mixed with heavy metal particles from inside the mine. Overflowing toxic mine water becomes dangerous to the environment and contaminates rivers, ponds, lakes and springs along its flow path. Toxic water endangers humans, plants, animals, birds, marine life and the ecosystem with serious healthcare challenges (1-5). (Admin, â€Å"Sinking Solutions for Mining Water Pollution.†)

Ap European History Timeline Project

The Peace of Augsburg The Peace of Augsburg was signed in 1555, ending the wars of religion in the Holy Roman Empire. It stated that the leaders of the many provinces in the Empire can decide what religion they wanted their people to follow. This treaty recognized Lutheran Protestants and Catholics, but not Calvinism. This essentially was the first time in the Holy Roman Empire that another religion was allowed, besides Catholicism. Treaty of Westphalia Signed in 1648, the Treaty of Westphalia once again ended a religious war, the Thirty Years’ War. It was the treaty that recognized Calvinism, finally, along with Lutheranism and Catholicism. It used the same policy as the treaty before, The Peace of Augsburg. The Holy Roman Empire had effectively become a collection of different states and provinces with differing religious views ruled by mainly Hapsburgs. Peace of Paris The Peace of Paris was signed in 1763. It was signed in a peace agreement to end the Seven Years’ War. Britain obtained much of French lands in the Americas, beginning their extensive dominance outside of continental Europe. However, the French obtained the West Indies, which was also a treasure for them. Prussia and Austria were not included in the treaty, instead signing a different treaty, the Treaty of Hubertusburg. Congress of Vienna The Congress of Vienna was a meeting of the leaders of many countries from Europe to decide what to do after the Napoleonic Wars. The â€Å"Final Act† of the treaty was signed just days after his final defeat at Waterloo. The Bourbons of France were restored as the monarchs and Napoleon was exiled once again. The balance of power in Europe had been restored. It was signed in 1814. The Frankfurt Assembly This was the first freely elected parliament for all of Germany. After long discussion and debates in 1849, a new constitution was drawn up. It outlined the entire German Empire’s government, including the hereditary emperor, the Kaiser. This constitution was then later used as the basis for the constitution of the Weimar Republic and for the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949. Overall, the Frankfurt Assembly had a huge impact on the future of Germany.

The Argument About Gre Writing Essay Samples

The Argument About Gre Writing Essay Samples Why it's important to learn public speaking. No business or company owner with any sense would pay all that additional money only to save a few dollars and strengthen employee health and relations. Therefore, if you can't compose an essay for virtually any reason, employing a writing service is a fantastic solution. Choosing a writing service may also be fun. There's a means to make academic writing fun. Take more time than you might imagine you're going to want. Plus, you get feedback then and there, right on your face, and it's sometimes the simpler way to learn. The very first is a little unreal and the second is a whole lot more motivated and conscious. Gre Writing Essay Samples and Gre Writing Essay Samples - The Perfect Combination The entire text of this GRE essay sample can be located on the ETS site. Not only do you have to read through GRE sample essays, but you must also look for topics on which you may write GRE samp le essays yourself and have them evaluated. Free essay samples ielts An autobiographical essay is a possible college admissions topic and is sometimes earn an outline that is suitable for the needs of the essay, including writing in. To begin with, utilize the perfect-scoring sample GRE essays within this guide as models of feasible methods to do the essay tasks. Keep reading for a discussion of the various ways that this essay meets the requirements for an ideal score. Use the aforementioned essay help suggestions to create your essay more effective. More creative ideas on how to get it graded here. Ask yourselves these 2 questions when you're writing the essays. Make certain you determine the key terms you will concentrate on in developing the essay. How to compose a decent argumentative essay on abortion Writing excellent hook sentences is crucial in all sorts of writing disciplines from essays for instance, if you're writing an argumentative essay, your hook should than 1 approach to compose a compelling hook that will grab your readers' interest. If you still require help, you may always elect for internet essay help where proficient writers are able to help you compose a concise essay. Take advantage of these essays to evaluate your own amount of writing. The Honest to Goodness Truth on Gre Writing Essay Samples The first facet of the essay we'll analyze is the way that it succeeds in identifying and examining the pieces of the argument that relate to the undertaking. Following that, you must continue with the growth of the issue. Also, one has to examine the plausibility of improving the work atmosphere. You will need to take ma ny different factors into account, if you're looking to get anywhere near the ideal score. Moreover, the term count of an essay has an important responsibility, too. While reading, it's also advisable to make note of all of the unfamiliar words and later learn them. Substance matters more than every other factor in regards to your essays. There are a few commonalities across all the essay prompts on the GRE Argument pool page, even past the simple fact that each task asks you to examine some sort of argument and analyze it. Up in Arms About Gre Writing Essay Samples? If you're looking for in an essay writing service, remember which not only is there the chance which he discovered and disciplined, they might also lose their money and have something which demands extensive review anyway. Writing brilliant ideas is considered a sign of excellence and for that reason a concise bit of writing is guaranteed to be more inclined to engage the readers. Write a response in which you discuss what questions would want to get answered so as to determine whether the recommendation will probably have the predicted outcome. There are several writing services online and it's quite tough to pick the best one among them. The studies show that's the way that it is, and if it true for a sample of 500 students, it has to be true on a bigger scale too. You will get your essay scores approximately 10-15 days following your test date. If writing essays isn't your forte, then you have to sit up and take stock of the quantity of preparation you are going to need for getting a great score in the Analytical Writing test section of the GRE. You might have to read several GRE sample essays depending on the Issue task before you find it possible to grasp the way by which your response ought to be framed in order to accomplish a great score in this test section.

Gender Roles in European Culture - 869 Words

Throughout history, women have made up a sort of â€Å"minority† in the world’s many societies. They have been looked upon as property to husbands and fathers. Their place was deemed the male’s home. Women were to provide services to men, ranging from carrying an heir (hopefully a male) to providing a clean home and cooked meals. Women in high-income nations still continue to face challenges because of their gender, and those in low-income nations often remain thought of as property. From a symbolic interactionist perspective, gender is an issue that is based on many underlying historical concepts, and it continues to contribute to world-wide poverty. As symbolic interactionists view social problems using a microlevel perspective, they see†¦show more content†¦According to the glass ceiling idea, women can only go so far in their dominated jobs. However, the glass elevator idea lifts men to reach even higher than women in female-dominated jobs, such as nursing. 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The article continues and describesRead MoreCultural Values Of Cultures, Navajo, Laguna, And Euro American Culture1003 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent cultures; Navajo, Laguna, and Euro-American culture. Two of the cultures that I will be exploring are the Native communities that I have been well exposed to since I was a child. The values that I will be discussing are gender, education, and money. Growing up on a reservation in New Mexico, I have a closer insight on the similarities and differences of those values. The first value I will be analyzing is gender. Gender is a topic that varies in every culture. The idea is gender has changedRead MoreThe Social System Of Native Americans And Europeans Essay1403 Words   |  6 PagesNative Americans and Europeans, specifically from England, had totally different social systems. These social systems were greatly affected by gender and the political economy. 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A Comparison of the Character of Brutus in Julius Caesar...

The Characters of Brutus and Hamlet in Hamlet and Julius Caesar Written one year apart from the other, one cannot fail to recognize the parallels between William Shakespeares tragedies Julius Caesar and Hamlet. To begin, they are both stories of assassinations gone horribly wrong. Although the details of the plays are different, the two assassins (Brutus and Hamlet) provide interesting comparison. Through these two killers, Shakespeare reveals the different levels of justice; one’s personal sense of justice; others’ perception of justice; the justice of the monarchy that supports Shakespeare’s craft. Through this, the audience realizes that a just person is not always a humble one, a condition that may turn out to be a†¦show more content†¦However, Hamlet, especially upon learning of Claudius responsibility for the elder Hamlets death, takes the Old Testament view and seeks to avenge his fathers death. To Hamlet, his revenge will wipe out the injustice brought on by Claudiususurping of the elder Hamlets throne and wi fe, and thus will justice be served. Per Hamlets thinking, Claudiusascension to power was unjust: He murdered his brother and married his brothers wife two months later. To the people of Hamlets day, the son avenging his fathers death was an acceptable form of justice. Hamlet himself sees such an action more as cleaning house than revenge: A villain kills my father, and for that/I, his sole son, do this same villain send/To heaven./Why, this is hire and salary, not revenge (Hamlet, III.iii.76-79). The son avenging the father is especially prevalent in Hamlet, with Fortinbras seeking to fight the elder Hamlet for the death of his father, Hamlet looking for revenge against Claudius for the death of the elder Hamlet, and Laertes pursuing Hamlet to avenge the death of Polonius. In the midst of these examples, one can see a certain amount of acceptance accorded to the sons and their intended actions, especially toward Laertes at the end of Hamlet. In this sense, the society that advocates turn the other cheek still allows a certain degree of an eye for an eye. In the case ofShow MoreRelatedEssay The Central Question of Hamlet2409 Words   |  10 PagesQuestion of Hamlet  Ã‚      Hamlets tragedy is a tragedy of failure-the failure of a man placed in critical circumstances to deal successfully with those circumstances. In some ways, Hamlet reminds us of Brutus in Shakespeares Julius Caesar. Hamlet and Brutus are both good men who live in trying times; both are intellectual, even philosophical; both men want to do the right thing; both men intellectualize over what the right thing is; neither man yields to passion. But here the comparison ends, forRead More Barkovs Hamlet: A Tragedy of Errors Essay6762 Words   |  28 Pages William Shakespeare authorship: The text of Hamlet contains indications that Shakespeare portrayed himself as an allegedly dead university graduate. HAMLET: A TRAGEDY OF ERRORS, OR THE TRAGICAL FATE OF WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE? by Alfred Barkov To the contents When the text of William Shakespeare: a mask for Hamlet - Christopher Marlowe? William Shakespeare Hamlet is read attentively, and no details are disregarded, it becomes evident that William Shakespeare included in it something quite differentRead MoreStudy Guide Literary Terms7657 Words   |  31 Pagesmain characters. A form of extended metaphor, in which objects, persons, and actions in a narrative, are equated with the meanings that lie outside the narrative itself. The underlying meaning has moral, social, religious, or political significance, and characters are often personifications of abstract ideas as charity, greed, or envy. Thus an allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning 4. allusion- A reference in one literary work to a character or themeRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesor a short story. Events of any kind, of course, inevitably involve people, and for this reason it is virtually impossible to discuss plot in isolation from character. Character and plot are, in fact, intimately and reciprocally related, especially in modern fiction. A major function of plot can be said to be the representation of characters in action, though as we will see the action involved can be internal and psychological as well as external and physical. In order for a plot to begin, some

Respiratory Therapist Free Essays

Ms. Paula Weston English 101-57 30 October 2012 In the World of Respiratory Therapy When you graduate high school most of us look forward to going to college and starting a new chapter in our lives. There are many choices of fields to choose from when we enter college. We will write a custom essay sample on Respiratory Therapist or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some of us know right from the start what we want to do and some of us don’t. I have had many ideas of what I might want to pick as my career for the rest of my life. It first started out with wanting to be a teacher, and then it changed to a veterinary technician, and finally with lots of thought and research I have decided I want to be a Respiratory Therapist. I have struggled through many years trying to find the perfect career I wanted to do for the rest of my life. I knew I wanted to do a career in the health care field because I knew it would always be a field that would be around and always in demand. When interviewing Dennis Brown, a Registered Respiratory Therapist, he stated, â€Å"I had always been interested in the medical profession, and the coursework provided me with the flexibility to choose another medical profession if I found respiratory care was not what I believed it to be. (Brown). It hadn’t occurred to me until I was talking with Brown that I could use my background and degree to go into other medical fields if I felt the respiratory field wasn’t the one for me. One reason I have chosen this field is I have always wanted to work with children. I love being around children they are so innocent and have no worries and are always happy go lucky, most of the time. In my research I have found that I could wor k in the neonatal and pediatric care. I would love to help out a child in need and try to my best to help them get better in any way that I could and it would give me a lot of satisfaction and being able to do that every day would all be worth it. Another reason for choosing this field is I could get a job anywhere I go. If I chose to stay in Michigan there are many good hospitals in the area to work at, and even if I chose to move out of state this is the kind of career that I could take with me and I would expect to find a job easier than other careers that are only limited to certain areas. When researching this career I have always wondered if I there were any risks or downfalls to this career path. Of course like any other career there are always good and bad thing to the job. One main thing that has stuck in my mind when researching is health risks to Respiratory Therapist from exposures on the job. â€Å"Respiratory therapists (RTs), through their involvement in the diagnosis, treatment, and care of patients with respiratory and cardiopulmonary disorders, can potentially be exposed to a variety of agents that could impact occupational health. Respiratory hazards that may be encountered in the work environment include aerosolized agents and chemical sensitizers such as glutaraldehyde, which is used to disinfect bronchoscopes. Although there are many types of aerosolized substances, concerns have been found no significant dose-response effect on lung function, although there were increased symptom complaints (ie, chest tightness and shortness of breath) in some of the nurses. (abc) This information has opened my eyes to many things that could happen on any job when exposed to different chemicals. This research has not stopped me from pursuing my career in Respiratory Therapy though. I have just started my journey into getting my degree in the Respiratory Therapy program and so far the courses are easy, but I know the farther I am in the program the harder it will get. There are many positives to way I am choosing this career path and also there are some negatives just like in any other career. I think the satisfaction of being able to help other people will overlook the fact that there might be a chance of risks within my career choice. I plan to stick through my goal of becoming a Respiratory Therapist and push through and struggles that might come along the way to achieve this goal. Work Cited Brown, Dennis. Personal Interview. 25 October 2012 Dimich-Ward, Helen, PhD; Michelle Lee Wymer, BSc; and Moira Chan-Yeung, MB. â€Å"Respiratory Health Survey of Respiratory Therapists† CHEST; Oct2004, Vol. 126 Issue 4, p1048-1053, 6p. How to cite Respiratory Therapist, Papers

Plagiarism assignment free essay sample

The term Plagiarism has been undermined for quite a long time both verbally and in writing, but in these modern days such an act cannot be easily escaped unnoticed due to technological advancement which has brought about the software like Turnitin, which can instantly detect any copied materials or similarity contents when assignments are handed in. Paradigms, LLC (2011) notes that there are two well- known types of plagiarism which are sources not cited and sources cited but still plagiarised and these include the ghost writer which is copying another persons ork word for word as well as the misinformer, where the writer provides inaccurate information regarding the sources, making it impossible to find them. The Mirriam Webster online dictionary notes that plagiarism can be defined as the act of passing off someones ideas or words as if they were your own original work. It is also known as the theft or adoption of ones efforts and in academics it commonly occurs unintentionally when students forget to quote marks around passages they would have obtained from someone elses work. We will write a custom essay sample on Plagiarism assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although it is acceptable to use quotes or ata from other peoples work, failure to reference and provide the source of material used automatically leads to ones work being perceived as plagiarised. Paraphrasing which can also be described as lifted passages can lead to plagiarism if the citing of the work is not acknowledged. Paraphrases occur when the original statement taken from ones work is still identifiable and has no acknowledgement. In most instances plagiarism also transpires when someone uses photocopying or borrowed materials. This is often the case which occurs when someone runs out of ideas or is racing gainst time to do an assignment to beat the deadline and copies or lifts passages from textbooks, hoping that the use of this material will not be noticed. Although there are unsecured and insignificant short term benefits in plagiarism, the act is a serious offence which carries severe penalties for culprits falling into its category, whether be it an academic or business environment. For business, plagiarism can lead to a company being sued for fraudulent operations which can lead to its collapse due to bad reputation and payment of large sums of money in fines. For cademic institutions such as universities, such an act can lead to a person getting a penalty of zero marks without being allowed a chance for resubmission on any assignments handed in. This will have an impact on results as ones degree could easily be downgraded to Just a pass instead of an honours degree. In the worst case scenario plagiarism can bring to an end ones dream career if disciplinary measures such as suspension and expulsion are exercised. Subsequently, plagiarism should the avoided by all means as its risks outweigh its benefits and it deprives individuals aluable knowledge as their intellectual capacity will be malfunctioned.